再开发利用工业场地土壤重金属含量分布及生态风险

选取上海市普陀、宝山、闵行和嘉定这4个区内50块典型场地,测定1847个不同垂直剖面深度土壤样品中重金属Hg、Cd、Pb、Cr和As含量,并通过内梅罗综合指数法和潜在生态风险指数法进行评价.从总体上看,Hg、Cd、Pb、Cr和As在表层土壤样品中的平均含量分别为0.33、0.37、74.55、69.23和9.05 mg ·kg^-1,其中Hg、Cd和Pb均超过上海市土壤背景值,分别是背景值的2.75、2.85和2.93倍;5种重金属含量随着土壤垂直剖面深度的增加逐渐降低,深层和饱和带土壤重金属含量接近或低于背景值水平,这表明人类活动扰动影响主要局限于表层.普陀区表层土壤中Hg、Cd和Pb的累积程度最为明显,平均含量是背景值的4.25、4.85和3.09倍;宝山区的Hg和Pb平均含量则为背景值的4.92和6.43倍.宝山区和普陀区的内梅罗综合指数分别为3.70和3.20,属重污染等级;普陀区潜在生态风险指数最高为398.59,具有很强风险,宝山潜在生态风险指数为303.08,具较强风险.闵行和嘉定土壤重金属含量和生态风险水平相对较低.综上,再开发利用工业场地土壤重金属污染受企业生产年限、行业类型及历史管理水平等因素的综合影响,工业发展较早的普陀和宝山土壤重金属累积程度明显高于闵行和嘉定.工业场地土壤中重金属Hg、Cd和Pb的污染值得关注.     

基于FLAC3D的复合煤岩受载破裂数值模拟及试验研究

采用FLAC~(3D)对复合煤岩模型的单轴压缩破裂进行数值模拟及试验,研究复合煤岩受载破裂应力与应变关系变化规律。针对煤样厚度、复合煤岩组合比、煤层参数、顶底板岩性等参数,对复合煤岩模型进行加载仿真研究,仿真及试验结果表明:单一煤样模型随着高度的减小,应力应变曲线整体阶段存在尺寸效应;改变煤岩组合比例时,其抗压强度基本不变,随煤样比例增大,复合煤岩的整体弹性模量减小,整体刚度减小;单一改变复合煤岩的煤样参数时,随煤样弹性模量增大,复合煤岩的弹性模量越强,应力应变曲线峰值点越高,对应应变越小;单一改变顶底板岩性,对复合煤岩模型的应力应变曲线影响不大。试验结果和仿真结果变化趋势一致,表明所建模型具有一定正确性和适用性。     

复合药剂对不同类型重金属污染土壤的固化修复

为了考察复合药剂对Pb、Hg、Cr、Cd、Zn、Cu和Ni污染土样的固化修复效果,以重污染企业用地、冶炼厂河道底泥和自配土壤为污染土样进行试验,试验中的普适复合药剂主要为含磷酸盐沉淀剂、黏土和水泥,视情况辅以无机还原助剂和有机络合助剂。在普适药剂(相对原土样的质量分数15%)、还原剂(5%)和有机助剂(2%)的组配下,处理后的重金属浸出质量浓度低于GB 18598—2001标准值。普适药剂对Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu、Ni的固化有效,磷酸盐是促成Pb固化的关键成分,黏土和水泥分别起到吸附固定和物理包封的作用。无机助剂中的还原/络合性成分和硫化物分别对Cr(VI)和Hg的固化有明显的促进作用。对于Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu复合污染土壤的修复,分析了重金属浸出质量浓度随普适药剂投加量变化的特征曲线,结果表明,Pb比Cu的曲线斜率更大,表明Pb的固化效率更高;Cd和Zn具有相似的曲线形状,推测二者具有类似的固化机理。     

Analysis of diffusion-adsorption equivalency of landfill liner systems for organic contaminants

The equivalence between multilayered barriers regarding diffusion and adsorption is analyzed by means of an analytical method. The bottom boundary of the liner system is defined by assuming concentration continuous and flux continuous conditions of the contaminant between the bottom liner layer and the underlying soil. Five different liner systems were compared in terms of solute breakthrough time. The results of the analysis show that breakthrough time of the hydrophobic organic compounds for a 2-meter-thick compacted clay liner (CCL) can be 3-4 orders of magnitude greater than the breakthrough time for a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) composite liner. The GM/GCL and GM/CCL composite liner systems provide a better diffusion barrier for the hydrophilic organic compounds than that for the hydrophobic compounds due to their different Henry's coefficient. The calculated breakthrough times of the organic contaminants for the Chinese standard liner systems were found to be generally greater than those for the GCL alternatives, for the specific conditions examined. If the distribution coefficient increases to 2.8 for the hydrophobic compounds or 1.0 for the hydrophilic compounds, the thickness of the attenuation layer needed to achieve the same breakthrough time as the standard liner systems can be reduced by a factor of about 1.9-2.4. As far as diffusive and adsorption contaminant transport are concerned, GM or GCL is less effective than CCL.     

CeO_2/Fe_2O_3对高浓度苯酚废水微波诱导的氧化催化

对高浓度苯酚废水提出了用复合催化剂CeO2/Fe2O3进行微波诱导催化氧化的降解方法,并与单一催化剂Fe2O3的催化氧化效果进行了比较,对两者的表观反应动力学进行了分析,结果表明复合催化剂的催化效果比单一催化剂的催化效果高15%以上,其主要原因是CeO2/Fe2O3复合物具有很强的催化能力和较高的干电流变活性,有利于电子的迁移和羟基自由基·OH的形成,从而有利于苯酚的氧化降解。     

纳米TiO_2-Al_2O_3负载CuMnO_x对甲苯的催化燃烧

研究采用改进的溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2-Al2O3复合载体,并用浸渍法制备CuMnOX/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂,通过对甲苯废气催化燃烧的实验,分别考察了Cu-Mn负载量、Cu/Mn摩尔比、焙烧温度及载体对催化剂制备过程及催化剂活性的影响。实验结果表明:活性组分负载量25%,铜锰活性组分的配比Cu:Mn=1:2,焙烧温度500℃是浸渍法制备CuMnOX/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂较佳的工艺条件;XRD衍射图谱表明,500℃下铜锰尖晶石的存在是催化剂催化活性优良的主要原因;由复合载体制备的CuMnOX/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂比单一载体制备的CuMnOX/Al2O3催化剂具有更高的甲苯转化率,其T99比单一载体要低20℃以上。     

Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange over ITO/CdS/ZnO interface composite films

ITO/CdS/ZnO interface composite films were successfully prepared by subsequent electrodeposition of CdS and ZnO onto indium tin oxide (ITO) glass substrates. The obtained ITO/CdS/ZnO composite films were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of ITO/CdS/ZnO composite films were investigated using methyl orange (MO) as a model organic compound under UV light irradiation. The influence of operating parameters on MO degradation including initial concentration of MO, pH value of solution, and inorganic anion species over the composite films were examined. A blue shift of absorption threshold was observed for the ITO/CdS/ZnO film in comparison with ITO/ZnO film. ITO/CdS/ZnO composite films prepared under specific conditions showed a higher photocatalytic activity than that of ITO/ZnO films. It was also found that the photocatalytic degradation of MO on the composite filing followed pseudo-first order kinetics.     

废旧线路板非金属材料综合利用

随着信息时代的到来,废印刷线路板处理技术日益成熟,大量的废线路板非金属粉亟需处理。从环境保护和资源回收的角度,综述了废印刷线路板非金属粉的资源化利用。     

基于响应面优化条件下柚皮对Pb2+的吸附

采用Plackett-Burman(P-B)法和中心复合设计(Central Composite Design,简称CCD)对影响柚皮吸附Pb2+的6个条件进行筛选优化.P-B实验设计与统计学分析表明:pH值、Pb2+初始浓度、吸附剂用量是影响吸附率的3个关键因素.以吸附率为响应目标,对3因素进行中心复合设计,并经响应面法优化分析得到影响吸附率的二阶模型,确定了Pb2+吸附实验的最优操作条件:pH值5.4.Pb2+初始浓度为265.86mg·L-1,吸附剂用量为2.56 g·L-1,实测吸附率达到92.47%,吸附量为96.01 mg·g-1;整个吸附过程吸附剂柚皮没有经过任何化学预处理.效果优于一般的天然吸附剂.研究结果表明,柚皮是一种很具潜力的环保型廉价吸附剂.     

毛竹遗态 Fe2O3／Fe3O4／C 复合材料对水中锑（III）的吸附研究

以毛竹遗态Fe2 O3／Fe3 O4／C复合材料为吸附剂,锑（III ）初始含量、溶液初始pH值、吸附剂投加量以及吸附剂粒径为影响因素开展吸附影响研究。结果表明,随着锑（III ）初始浓度的升高,毛竹遗态Fe2 O3／Fe3 O4／C复合材料对锑（III ）的吸附量逐渐增加;初始溶液pH为7时,对锑（III ）的吸附效果最好,吸附量为4．7821 mg／g;块状吸附剂对水中锑（III ）的去除率和吸附量与粉末状吸附剂吸附效果相当。